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- Review] Winter sports athletes: long-term effects of cold air exposure
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DocNo of ILP: 1372
Doc. Type: Review
Title: Winter sports athletes: long-term effects of cold air exposure
Authors: Sue-Chu, M
Full Name of Authors: Sue-Chu, Malcolm
Keywords by Author:
Keywords Plus: CROSS-COUNTRY SKIERS; EXERCISE-INDUCED ASTHMA; ICE HOCKEY PLAYERS; BRONCHIAL HYPERRESPONSIVENESS; INDUCED BRONCHOSPASM; PULMONARY-FUNCTION; HIGH PREVALENCE; FIGURE SKATERS; FIELD EXERCISE; INFLAMMATION
Abstract: Athletes such as skaters and skiers inhale large volumes of cold air during exercise and shift from nasal to mouth breathing. Endurance athletes, like cross-country skiers, perform at 80% or more of their maximal oxygen consumption and have minute ventilations in excess of 100 l/min. Cold air is always dry, and endurance exercise results in loss of water and heat from the lower respiratory tract. In addition, athletes can be exposed to indoor and outdoor pollutants during the competitive season and during all-year training. Hyperpnoea with cold dry air represents a significant environmental stress to the airways. Winter athletes have a high prevalence of respiratory symptoms and airway hyper-responsiveness to methacholine and hyperpnoea. The acute effects of exercise in cold air are neutrophil influx as demonstrated in lavage fluid and airway epithelial damage as demonstrated by bronchoscopy. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines has been observed in horses. Chronic endurance training damages the epithelium of the small airways in mice. Airway inflammation has been observed on bronchoscopy of cross-country skiers and in dogs after a 1100-mile endurance race in Alaska. Neutrophilic and lymphocytic inflammation with remodelling is present in bronchial biopsies from skiers. Repeated peripheral airway hyperpnoea with dry air causes inflammation and remodelling in dogs. As it is currently unknown if these airway changes are reversible upon cessation of exposure, preventive measures to diminish exposure of the lower airways to cold air should be instituted by all winter sports athletes.
Cate of OECD: Health sciences
Year of Publication: 2012
Business Area: other
Detail Business: medicine & science
Country: England
Study Area: player
Name of Journal: BRITISH JOURNAL OF SPORTS MEDICINE
Language: English
Country of Authors: [Sue-Chu, Malcolm] Univ Trondheim Hosp, St Olavs Hosp, Dept Thorac Med, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway; [Sue-Chu, Malcolm] Norwegian Univ Sci & Technol, Dept Circulat & Imaging, N-7034 Trondheim, Norway
Press Adress: Sue-Chu, M (reprint author), Univ Trondheim Hosp, St Olavs Hosp, Dept Thorac Med, Postbox 3250 Sluppen, N-7006 Trondheim, Norway.
Email Address: msuechu@online.no
Citaion:
Funding:
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Number of Citaion: 34
Publication: B M J PUBLISHING GROUP
City of Publication: LONDON
Address of Publication: BRITISH MED ASSOC HOUSE, TAVISTOCK SQUARE, LONDON WC1H 9JR, ENGLAND
ISSN: 0306-3674
29-Character Source Abbreviation: BRIT J SPORT MED
ISO Source Abbreviation: Br. J. Sports Med.
Volume: 46
Version: 6
Start of File: 397
End of File: 401
DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090822
Number of Pages: 5
Web of Science Category: Sport Sciences
Subject Category: Sport Sciences
Document Delivery Number: 925CC
Unique Article Identifier: WOS:000302737100005
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