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- Article] Pathophysiology of bit control in the horse
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DocNo of ILP: 7081
Doc. Type: Article
Title: Pathophysiology of bit control in the horse
Authors: Cook, WR
Full Name of Authors: Cook, WR
Keywords by Author:
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Abstract: The use of one and often two bits, in traditional or normal horsemanship, constitutes a welfare problem, a hazard to health, and a handicap to performance. The bit method of control is invasive, physiologically contraindicated and counterproductive A bit often causes discomfort, pain and injury It can be responsible for a horse's poor attitude to exercise and many behavioral problems in all types of equitation from dressage (e.g., headshaking) to racing (e.g., dorsal displacement of the soft palate). Horses are happier in a bridle without a bit . The bit can be the sole cause of abnormal inspiratory noise (stridor) at exercise To govern the speed of a racehorse using a bit and traction on both reins depends on poll flexion, which obstructs the airway and leads to premature fatigue, poor performance, and asphyxia-induced pulmonary edema ("bleeding"). Measurement of jowl angle is recommended as an indicator of upper airway patency A bit triggers digestive tract reflexes, which are physiologically opposed to rapid breathing. Horses are being expected to caf and exercise simultaneously, two activities that are mutually exclusive As the bit interferes with breathing and as breathing is coupled with locomotion, the bit also interferes with locomotion A horse that leans on the bit loses self-carriage, and becomes heavier on the forehand. Its stride becomes shorter and, therefore, slower. In addition, greater stress is placed on the tendons, ligaments,joints and bones of the forelegs. In racing this factor, coupled with fatigue, renders break-downs and fatal accidents more likely Resistance to the bit causes rigidity of the neck, which is incompatible with optimum performance, and also reduces the effectiveness of some important energy conservation mechanisms. Human athletes need complete freedom of their neck The horse is an obligatory nose-breather. At exercise, a horse's lips should be sealed and mouth closed so that no air enters the digestive tract. A bit breaks this seal and the mouth is Often open "Nonacceptance of the bit" includes problems such as buccal ulcers, wolf tooth sensitivity, pain during eruption of cheek teeth, star fractures of the mandible, lacerations of the lip, tongue and gingiva, open mouth, tongue movement, tongue behind the bit, tongue over the bit, 'swallowing the tongue,' 'flipping the palate,', headshaking, fighting the bit, chewing on the bit,'bit between the teeth,' boring, pulling and bolting The safety of rider and horse are imperiled when justifiable resentment of bit-induced pain leads a horse to take the bit between its teeth and bolt In the practice of natural horsemanship, horses can be controlled for early schooling without a bit, and for advanced schooling with a snaffle. In this way, the above problems can be either solved or minimized, respectively. A new design of bitless bridle, that is neither a hackamore nor a bosal, permits control by painless pressure on the skin behind the ear and facilitates the humane, non- invasive and natural approach, even for advanced schooling.
Cate of OECD: Veterinary science
Year of Publication: 1999
Business Area: game
Detail Business: game
Country: Germany
Study Area: promotion, welfare, industry, production, attitude
Name of Journal: JOURNAL OF EQUINE VETERINARY SCIENCE
Language: English
Country of Authors:
Press Adress: Cook, WR (reprint author), 206 Birch Run Rd, Chestertown, MD 21620 USA.
Email Address:
Citaion:
Funding:
Lists of Citation: BONNER J, 1998, NEW SCI 0704, P16; COOK WR, 1992, COMP CONT EDUC PRACT, V14, P1369; COOK W. R, 1998, VET REC, V142, P16; Cook WR, 1998, VET REC, V142, P676; COOK WR, 1965, VET REC, V77, P516; COOK WR, 1997, EQUINE ATHLETE MAR, P23; COOK WR, 1988, J EQUINE VET SCI, V8, P11, DOI 10.1016/S0737-0806(88)80103-5; COOK WR, 1981, P AM ASS EQ PRACT, P393; COOK WR, 1981, P AM ASS EQ PRACT, P355; COOK WR, 1993, SPEED RACEHORSE AIRF; COOK WR, 1993, IRISH VET J, V46, P160; PARELLI P, 1993, NATURAL HORSE MAN SH; PICK TP, 1977, GRAYS ANATOMY DESCRI, P738; ROONEY JR, 1998, LARNE HORSE; ROONEY JR, 1981, EQUINE VET DATA, V2, P34
Number of Citaion: 15
Publication: WILLIAM E JONES DVM
City of Publication: WILDOMAR
Address of Publication: 20225 GRAND AVE, WILDOMAR, CA 92595 USA
ISSN: 0737-0806
29-Character Source Abbreviation: J EQUINE VET SCI
ISO Source Abbreviation: J. Equine Vet. Sci.
Volume: 19
Version: 3
Start of File: 196
End of File: 204
DOI: 10.1016/S0737-0806(99)80067-7
Number of Pages: 9
Web of Science Category: Veterinary Sciences
Subject Category: Veterinary Sciences
Document Delivery Number: 180AX
Unique Article Identifier: WOS:000079363600008
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